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Cryptography Tutorial

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In the last chapter, we discussed the data integrity threats and the use of hashing technique to detect if any modification attacks have taken place on the data.

Another type of threat that exist for data is the lack of message authentication. In this threat, the user is not sure about the originator of the message. Message authentication can be provided using the cryptographic techniques that use secret keys as done in case of encryption.

Message Authentication Code (MAC)

MAC algorithm is a symmetric key cryptographic technique to provide message authentication. For establishing MAC process, the sender and receiver share a symmetric key K.

Essentially, a MAC is an encrypted checksum generated on the underlying message that is sent along with a message to ensure message authentication.

The process of using MAC for authentication is depicted in the following illustration −

Let us now try to understand the entire process in detail −

The sender uses some publicly known MAC algorithm, inputs the message and the secret key K and produces a MAC value.
Similar to hash, MAC function also compresses an arbitrary long input into a fixed length output. The major difference between hash and MAC is that MAC uses secret key during the compression.
The sender forwards the message along with the MAC. Here, we assume that the message is sent in the clear, as we are concerned of providing message origin authentication, not confidentiality. If confidentiality is required then the message needs encryption.
On receipt of the message and the MAC, the receiver feeds the received message and the shared secret key K into the MAC algorithm and re-computes the MAC value.
The receiver now checks equality of freshly computed MAC with the MAC received from the sender. If they match, then the receiver accepts the message and assures himself that the message has been sent by the intended sender.
If the computed MAC does not match the MAC sent by the sender, the receiver cannot determine whether it is the message that has been altered or it is the origin that has been falsified. As a bottom-line, a receiver safely assumes that the message is not the genuine.

Limitations of MAC

There are two major limitations of MAC, both due to its symmetric nature of operation −

Establishment of Shared Secret.
- It can provide message authentication among pre-decided legitimate users who have shared key.
- This requires establishment of shared secret prior to use of MAC.
Inability to Provide Non-Repudiation
- Non-repudiation is the assurance that a message originator cannot deny any previously sent messages and commitments or actions.
- MAC technique does not provide a non-repudiation service. If the sender and receiver get involved in a dispute over message origination, MACs cannot provide a proof that a message was indeed sent by the sender.
- Though no third party can compute the MAC, still sender could deny having sent the message and claim that the receiver forged it, as it is impossible to determine which of the two parties computed the MAC.

Both these limitations can be overcome by using the public key based digital signatures discussed in following section.

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Mac users have many choices of using different email clients. Apple Mail and Microsoft Outlook are the two widely used email clients on Mac systems. However, with the availability of different email clients, users do not have to depend completely on these two. Depending upon the need, a user can choose any email client.

These email clients are supported by all versions of Mac OS X. Current statistics revels that version wise market share of OSX are as follows :

Mac OS X 10.9 3.66%
Mac OS X 10.10 1.18%
Mac OS X 10.6 0.72%
Mac OS X 10.8 0.57%
Mac OS X 10.7 0.56%
Mac OS X 10.1 0.19%
Mac OS X 10.5 0.14%
Mac OS X 10.4 0.03%

Note: Snow Leopard, Lion, Mountain Lion, Mavericks and Yosemite are popular naming convention for Mac OS X.

There are many email clients, which provide advanced features to cater the need of various users. With the availability of so many email clients, Apple Mail and Microsoft Outlook no longer remain stagnant email clients. Moreover, it is even harder to choose the best email client from so many different clients.

Mac error codes. Some of the Mac Mail Clients available for Mac OS X are mentioned below.

PostBox 3

Postbox 3 is a smart and reliable email client for Mac OS X. Though it is not new, but, it has maintained a traditional look and feel of Mac. It provides a set of advanced features and makes you feel as if you are working with Apple Mail. Some of the

Provides a safe and smooth way of handling email.
Smooth way of setting of POP and IMAP accounts with the ability of analyzing and finding the right IMAP configuration.
Easy loading of huge number of messages with a progress bar to track the progress
Enhance the emailing experience by a set of new features and very interactive and easy to use interface.
Easy handling of messages with marking facility at the beginning and end. You can quickly reply to the latest messages and easily follow any message thread. In addition, you can easily see the sender of the message with the help of the inspector pane next to each message and click them to see the sender’s contact details.
Advanced searching mechanism based on the sender of the message. This option allows you to search for any messages, images, or attachments just by clicking the links within their address book info.
Inbuilt ability to write a new mail in an easy way by choosing your response preferences from a pull down menu.
Works easily with many tools like Evernote to keep track of the services you send to them.
Can easily be used with the Dropbox. By simply dragging and dropp

Message Client For Mac